An F/A-18E Super Hornet (similar to the one pictured) shot down the Syrian plane The coalition said the Syrian Su-22 had bombed US-backed fighters battling so-called Islamic State in Raqqa province.
Russia, the Syrian government's main ally, also said it was halting communications with the US aimed at preventing such incidents.
Syria's army said the "flagrant attack" would have "dangerous repercussions".
It comes at a time when the US-led coalition and the fighters its supporting on the ground are trying to oust IS from its Syrian stronghold of Raqqa.
How has Russia responded?
"Any aircraft, including planes and drones belonging to the international coalition operating west of the River Euphrates, will be tracked by Russian anti-aircraft forces in the sky and on the ground and treated as targets," the Russian defence ministry said.However, it stopped short of openly saying it would shoot down coalition aircraft.
Reuters news agency quoted a US military spokesman as saying it was repositioning aircraft over Syria in the wake of the incident, to ensure the safety of American crew members.
What about Russia-US co-ordination in Syria?
Russia also denied the US had used a communications channel before the Su-22 fighter bomber was shot down, and said it was ending a memorandum of co-operation with the coalition aimed at preventing air incidents and guaranteeing flight safety.But the chairman of US military's Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen Joe Dunford, said it was seeking to re-establish the "deconfliction" communications line with Russia, adding that it had remained in use "over the last few hours".
The US says the Syrian jet was targeting SDF
fighters battling IS in Raqqa province, but Syria and Russia deny this.
File photo of female SDF members
The US and Russia had agreed to resume communications last month.
UK Prime Minister Theresa May called on Russia to continue using available measures to "reduce the chance of misunderstandings over what is a crowded airspace", Reuters reported.
Why are air combat kills so rare?
A line in the sky: analysis by Jonathan Marcus, BBC defence and diplomatic correspondent
Russia's ministry of defence has responded sharply. In addition to the usual rhetoric - the charge that the US is violating Syrian sovereignty and breaking international law - there is a practical step - the immediate suspension of the co-ordination channel set up to avoid clashes between US and Russian forces.There is a threat too, namely that in areas where Russian aircraft are operating, coalition drones and aircraft west of the Euphrates river will be tracked and "treated as targets". It should be noted that the co-ordination mechanism has generally worked well and its operation is as much in Moscow's as Washington's interest.
A previous "suspension" of the mechanism by Russia seems to have been by word only - behind-the-scenes contacts continued. But as the battle for eastern Syria steps up, Russia and its Syrian government ally seem intent on drawing a line in the sky.
Read more from Jonathan Marcus here
How did the US justify downing the jet?
The Su-22 fighter bomber was engaged by an F/A-18E Super Hornet after it dropped bombs near the town of Tabqa in Raqqa province on Sunday afternoon, the Pentagon said.It is believed to be the first air-to-air kill of a manned aircraft by a US military jet since the Kosovo campaign in 1999.
The US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), an alliance of Kurdish and Arab fighters who are leading the offensive on Raqqa, were operating in the Tabqa area.
A statement from the coalition's Operation Inherent Resolve said pro-government militiamen had attacked SDF units, driving them from the town of Ja'Din.
However, the Su-22 dropped bombs on SDF positions a few hours later, the coalition said, and "in accordance with rules of engagement and in collective self-defence of coalition-partnered forces [the plane] was immediately shot down".
Attempts to warn the plane away using an emergency radio frequency failed, the US military's Central Command said.
Russia said in its statement that the Syrian pilot had ejected over IS-controlled territory and "his fate remains unknown".
Why are air combat kills so rare?
Despite Hollywood blockbusters showcasing close-range aerial battles, they have almost vanished from modern warfare."The era of dogfighting is largely over," says Justin Bronk, a research fellow at the Royal United Services Institute, specialising in combat airpower.
"After the totally lopsided kill-to-loss ratio attained by the US Air Force and US Navy during the First Gulf War, it is a very rare thing for regimes under attack by the US and its allies to send fighters up in defence - since they know how it will end."
Read more
Is it the first time the US has engaged with the Syrian military?
Although this is the first time the coalition has shot down a Syrian jet, there have been an increasing number of incidents between the two sides:- Earlier this month, the US shot down a pro-Syrian government armed drone after it fired at coalition forces near the al-Tanf border crossing, between Syria and Iraq
- In May, US-led coalition aircraft bombed a convoy of pro-Syrian government forces who were reportedly moving towards a base at al-Tanf being used by rebel fighters and Western special forces
- In September 2016, US-led coalition planes targeting IS positions instead killed Syrian troops. The US expressed "regret" for the incident, which Russia said left 62 Syrian troops dead
Source